The Joint Pharmaceutical Analysis Group: thirty-eight years on

contributed by Geoffrey Phillips OBE, chairman JPAG 1974-1976 and Honorary Secretary 1992-2008

The original text "JPAG: the first thirty years", a shortened version of which appeared as a part (pp.124~128) of Chapter 10 'Groups' within "A history of the Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry 1972-1999", ed. J D R Thomas, RSC, 1999, has been updated to December 2007 by appropriate insertions.

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Summary

The Joint Pharmaceutical Analysis Group was formally constituted in January 1970 after a two-year period of gestation. The Group is a joint venture of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of GB and the Royal Society of Chemistry. It represents around 1200 scientists who are currently - or recently have been - working in industrial, academic, hospital, enforcement or consultancy practice in pharmaceutical analysis. It aims to be the main focus in the UK for the presentation and discussion of matters of importance to everyone having an interest in any aspect of pharmaceutical analysis.

1. Origins

How did it begin? The Group's origin may be traced from an irregular series of informal seminars in the 1960's mounted by the Science Committee (pharmaceutical analysis) of the [then] Pharmaceutical Society. At each of these seminars, an invited speaker would recount the 'state of the art' in a particular analytical technique - such as X-ray diffraction or atomic spectroscopy - or would review the scope and development of pharmaceutical control procedures; and then encourage a general discussion with the invited participants - senior analysts from the pharmaceutical industry, official laboratories and schools of pharmacy. From the evident enthusiasm shown at the seminars, and the eagerness of other pharmaceutical analysts to be invited, there was a demonstrated need for a more structured forum at which experienced practitioners might discuss all aspects of pharmaceutical analysis.

At a meeting called in October 1968 some ninety scientists resolved that "representatives of the Pharmaceutical Society and the Society for Analytical Chemistry be asked to explore the setting up of an organisation to forward the interests of pharmaceutical analysts and to promote all aspects of quality control". These two bodies were joined by the Royal Institute of Chemistry, which exercised an interest, inter alia, through its examining role for the FRIC/Branch E (Food&Drugs)[now the MChemA] qualification for Public Analysts and - jointly with the Pharmaceutical Society- in the MPharmA. In June 1969 the Pharmaceutical Journal reported (1) the agreement to set up a 'Pharmaceutical Analysis Group', with members of the three bodies eligible to join free of charge. Formal inauguration, with an enrolled membership of 380, followed on 1 January 1970. The first scientific meeting, held later that month at BMA House in Tavistock Square, discussed 'The role of the analyst in pharmaceutical control'.

2. Objectives

The remit of the Group, as enshrined in Rule 3.1 of its 'Rules', is "to encourage, assist and extend the knowledge and study of pharmaceutical analysis and quality control by the holding of scientific meetings, by the promotion of lectures, practical demonstrations and discussions, or by any means consistent with the aims and objects of the Sponsoring Bodies and with the Rules of the Group". Tracing its original sponsorship from the three appropriate professional bodies, and developing strong contacts with - while remaining independent of - the industrial, academic and enforcement sectors, JPAG has aimed to be the main focus in the UK for the presentation and discussion of matters of importance to everyone having an interest in any aspect of pharmaceutical analysis. Within five years membership of the Group had grown to 535, and in 10 years to 970; while by mid-1997 there were 1300 RSC registrations, plus approximately 300 members enrolled through the Pharmaceutical Society. In the subsequent years membership of the Group has continued to be limited to members of the two parent societies, the Royal Society of Chemistry [RSC] and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society [RPS], and the respective proportion of that affiliation has remained about the same.

The RSC component of Group membership (roughly 3/4 of the total) has fallen in five years since 2002, from ca 1250 to near 1000. This reflects a common decline in membership in 71 of the 76 RSC 'Interest Groups', perhaps exacerbated by a small increase in Group annual fees. The RPS component is more uncertain. In the 1990s there were ca 300 RPS members on JPAG register but the original list is missing; reconstructed lists were much shorter. However, from 2008 there is a new facility, through an RPSGB website, for pharmacists to register (or terminate) their membership of any RPSGB specialist group - including the JPAG. JPAG Committee of Management has reviewed the specific advantages of membership: one action - that was implemented from May 2007 - was to remove the symposium registration discount from those other RSC or RPS members who had not registered their membership of JPAG prior to any meeting.

3. Sponsorship

For the first two years, the [then] three sponsoring bodies jointly maintained professional interest in the Group and gave financial support by sharing operating expenses up to a ceiling of £200 each. In 1972 RIC sponsorship fell into abeyance while discussions on amalgamation of chemistry bodies proceeded, and costs were then shared evenly between SAC and the PS. By 1975, operating expenses for the steadily growing Group membership were also rising and the question of a registration fee for half-day meetings, hitherto free, was initiated. The interests of the PS and of the SAC were maintained through their respective successors, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of GB (RPS), and the Analytical Division (AD) of the newly unified Chemical Society, now the RSC.

An annual fee of £0.50 was introduced for RSC (but not RPS) members and RIC sponsorship was revived through its successor, the Professional Affairs Board (PAB) of RSC. During the years 1981-84 the total financial support was raised to £1400, divided evenly between the three successor sponsors. In late 1985 the financial sponsorship was rationalised as an equal subventions of £700 by RPS and RSC. To meet more realistically costed administrative services supplied by RPS, this was increased to £1000 from each parent society, the RSC contribution being funded through equal contributions from RSC/AD and PAB. However, all three successor bodies continued to be directly represented on the Group's Committee of Management until 1995, when the RSC, as part of a streamlining of committee structure, consolidated its sponsorship of JPAG through a single representative, nominated by the Analytical Division, while maintaining the same level of RSC total financial support set in 1985. In 2004, as part of further restructuring at RSC, membership fees for individual Interest Groups were increased and Groups were recharged for central services but at the same time the whole of the Group per capita subscription was refunded to the Group in lieu of a fixed level subvention. This proved a significant boost to JPAG resources and provided opportunity for several initiatives - such as the major prize award in 2006 (cf. ¶6) and a Group website (cf. ¶8). Meanwhile, in 2007 the RPSGB sponsor raised their subvention to £1400.

In addition to the representatives of the sponsoring societies, six other members of the Committee have been directly elected by the Group membership. Changes to the Group Rules in 1994 extended their term of office from two years to three, primarily to improve continuity of service and efficiency of action. The four Honorary Officers - Chairman, Immediate Past Chairman, Secretary and (since 1992) Treasurer, were augmented during 2007 with a designated 'Chair Elect' and an 'Events Secretary'. All of these are elected by the Committee and then endorsed at the following annual general meeting of the Group. A further constitutional change in 2004 enabled the Committee to appoint (non-voting) Corresponding Members: these are specialist persons who could bring particular expertise or experience but would not be expected to travel to every Committee meeting. Two such appointments were made in 2004 - Dr G S Sharpe from a Biotech company and a former chairman of JPAG; and Dr J Chamberlain, retired editor of J.Pharm.Pharmacol., as initiator and manager of a JPAG website (see ¶8 ).

4. Scientific meetings

At least five scientific meetings have been held each year, originally on Thursdays in mid-January, March, May, October and December, addressing all aspects of pharmaceutical analysis and many related facets of medicines control and registration. Initially, these were afternoon meetings but since mid-1982 full-day (and very occasionally two-day) symposia have been organised. From 1998, problems associated with January meetings resulted in this month being avoided and replaced by mid-year symposia and/or participation in the annual British Pharmaceutical Conference - see below. By the end of 2007 there had been 221 Group meetings in 38 years, excluding short papers sessions presented within the British Pharmaceutical Conferences during 2000-2007 and planned for 2008 & 2009. JPAG symposia have also employed an increasing proportion of overseas speakers - from Europe and the USA - and even further afield planned for 2008-09. Delegate evaluation questionnaires were distributed at symposia in 2007 and their subsequent assessment has provided useful guidance on symposia practice and content.

The 116th meeting - on 14 March 1991 - was celebrated as a triple anniversary. That year saw the sesquicentenary of both parent Societies, and their sturdy child celebrated its adulthood in its 21st year. This conjunction was adjudged3 to be a proper time to review the past '150 years of pharmaceutical analysis' and then address the future prospect as foreseen by a slate of senior and respected contributors.

It has been deliberate Group policy to arrange certain meetings 'in association with', or as full partners of, other bodies where it is likely that the audience or the organisation may be enhanced. Thus, meetings have been held jointly with one or more other subject groups within the parent societies, such as the AD Biological Methods (now Analytical Biosciences), and Automatic Methods, Groups, and AD regional organisations, or the RPS Groups serving Industrial, or Hospital, Pharmacists, and also with the Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences of GB. More rarely, a partner has come from other professional bodies, such as the Parenteral or Chromatographic Societies, and the British Institute for Regulatory Affairs.

It was the resolve of the first Committee in 1970 to hold at least one meeting per year outside London. Beginning at Keele in 1972, presentations were made within a major gathering, such as the British Pharmaceutical Conference [B.P.C.] 2. In 1974, a half-day session was mounted at the SAC centenary meeting (in London) and subsequently in the 'SAC' triennial meetings in Birmingham (1977), Lancaster (1980), Edinburgh (1983) and Bristol (1986). Another early excursion was to hold the 'Short Papers' meeting within B.P.C. in Nottingham (1974); and other, more specific, topics were presented at B.P.C. in Norwich (1975) and St Andrews (1976). However, in subsequent years JPAG-sponsored meetings at other venues often resulted in poor attendance and high expenses, and posed logistic difficulties, so that most frequently the Group has mounted its one-day symposia in the Hall of the RPS in London. Nevertheless, the Committee still looks to the opportunity for an occasional venue outside London, especially for meetings jointly organised with other bodies.

A very successful full-day symposium held within the B.P.C. in Strathclyde in 1996, encouraged JPAG to promote contributions to the B.P.C. in successive years. Successful experience in Scarborough (1997), Eastbourne (1998), and Cardiff (1999), led to an extended and now well-established pattern of two half-day symposia and one or two sessions of eight 'Short papers in pharmaceutical analysis' to be planned as part of the annual B.P.C. - in Birmingham 2000, Glasgow 2001, Manchester 2002, Harrogate 2003, and then consistently Manchester 2004~2009.

From the Autumn of 2005, advertising JPAG symposia has been enhanced by commercial printing of a 4-page glossy brochure, with separate pages for meeting announcement, programme detail, a registration form, and either a rolling calendar of Group events or, for Spring meetings, an agenda for the Group AGM. However, the effect of postal restriction on mailing envelope area & thickness forced a reduction of the size of the brochure from A4 to A5. Members at the 2007 AGM confirmed that this smaller format had been acceptable.

5. Original communications

For almost all the past 38 years, one meeting a year - originally in April or May but in later years in the Autumn - has been dedicated to 'Short Papers in Pharmaceutical Analysis'. These have been contributed by up to sixteen younger or otherwise less experienced analysts working in industry, in hospital or in regulatory laboratories, or as graduate research students, who are thereby afforded an opportunity to present their work before a sympathetic audience. In the early 1990s, when too large a number of papers had been submitted for oral delivery in one day, a selection had been made and some authors agreed to make a poster presentation during an extended lunch-break. The text of the majority of 'Short papers', when suitably edited, was presented for consolidated publication [see ¶7]. Beginning in 1995, the Group has awarded prizes for the best presentation of a 'short paper' and then in 2006 JPAG instituted a major Award [see ¶6].

It was also decided in 1998 to revive the earlier experiment of presenting the JPAG 'Short Papers' meeting within the B.P.C. This was repeated in 1999 and for the following four years double sessions for 'Short Papers' were subsequently organised within B.P.C. Regrettably, a decline in the number of submissions of abstracts of good quality analytical papers, combined with pressure on Conference to accommodate many competing streams, forced JPAG to revert to single (8-paper) sessions at B.P.C. during 2004~2008.

6. Prizes and Awards

In 1995, JPAG instituted an annual prize for the best 'Short paper in pharmaceutical analysis'. This prize was awarded by an adjudication panel for the best podium presentation by a young or otherwise less experienced author. Abstracts were invited in an annual 'Call for papers' in a January mailing to members with a return deadline at the end of April. Persons "undertaking any branch of pharmaceutical analysis - in industry, in hospital, or in a regulatory or contract laboratory, or as a graduate student, who are able to report a previously unpublished interesting advance or discovery", were invited to submit the title and abstract of a short paper, for podium or poster presentation, for consideration by a peer review panel, selection being made on the basis of scientific novelty and interest. Authors provided a short CV to confirm their eligibility as 'less experienced' at the time of submission of their abstract. One or two of these prizes were awarded annually - matching one or two 8-paper sessions; since 1997 these sessions were within the B.P.C. [cf. ¶5 above). These Awards comprised a Certificate of Achievement - including acknowledgement of donations by leading pharmaceutical companies, such as Pfizer, Glaxo, Zeneca - and a monetary prize, originally £100. In 2003 the principal award was named the "Pfizer UK Pharmaceutical Analysis Award"- based on a £200 annual donation from that company; and supported by a runner up 'JPAG prize' of £75.

At the 2006 AGM, then chairman Dr Stephen Robinson announced the establishment of a major new award to recognise the contribution of emerging scientists working in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. This Conference Analytical Science Award constituted a bursary up to a maximum of £2,000 to enable the winner to attend a relevant major scientific meeting in the following 12 months; the specific terms had been agreed with the sponsor societies. From candidates (aged under 35) selected on the basis of abstracts submitted for the JPAG 'Short Papers in Pharmaceutical Analysis' sessions within BPC, the annual Award would be adjudged on the scientific quality, originality or impact of the work presented, and overall delivery of the oral presentation.

In a close decision at BPC 2006, the first presentation of the new JPAG Conference Analytical Science Award was to Mrs Bronwyn Grout of Pfizer UK: although her plans to attend an NIRS meeting in Sweden were frustrated by subsequent health problems, the bursary remains available to her. The 2007 recipient of the Award was Dr Claire Martin, a pharmaceutics lecturer in the department of pharmacy at the University of Wolverhampton. Both Awards were presented by the current JPAG chairman, Prof. Tony Moffat - see photographs on www.jpag.org.

7. Publications

Current and advance programme information and appropriate notices of other activities of interest to the Group, together with AGM information in due season, are distributed to all registered members five times a year. With the exception of the 'Short Papers' meeting, summary reports of papers presented at almost all the Group's scientific meetings have been prepared by a designated rapporteur for publication; this is usually in the Pharmaceutical Journal but occasionally elsewhere when the specialist technical content justifies it. Programme announcements were also regularly advertised in the AD annual diary of meetings and also in the AD 'Groups & Regions Bulletin': this had five issues per year until economies in 1999 reduced that to four and then between 2002~2006 this was replaced by AD News. However, on retirement of its energetic editor, Prof J D R Thomas, this too ceased.

In 2002, in order to comply with changed editorial directions for publication in the Pharmaceutical Journal, the production of two-page summaries of JPAG symposia was accelerated by greater reliance on prior provision of speakers' summaries and increasingly availing of the reporting experience of a retired science journal editor. Also since 2001, JPAG has maintained the practice of gaining wider dissemination of proceedings by including reprints of these reports in subsequent mailings to all Group members.

On several occasions, the Committee considered the option of producing a formalised Group 'Newsletter' but decision usually foundered on the prospect of the resource-intensive initiative and being heavily reliant on individual contributions. Requests to lodge supplementary material on our parent Society web-sites, eventually led to the opportunity to constitute our own Group-operated web-site in Autumn 2004 (cf. ¶8 below).

For the 'Short Papers' meeting, authors and their supervisors have been encouraged to prepare edited versions of their presentations for collective publication. Until 1994 this had been in Analytical Proceedings but in that year the RSC/AD changed the emphasis (and title) of that journal to Analytical Communications. From 1994-1997, selections of the short papers were published in the RPS rapid communication journal Pharmaceutical Sciences; and then from 1998, when these sessions formed part of B.P.C., in a special conference issue of the Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology.

8. JPAG web-site

Dr Chamberlain has been of invaluable assistance to the Group in designing and implementing a website, which was registered as In 2005 Dr Chamberlain was officially designated as JPAG web-master and a formal contract was agreed with him for service and responsibilities. In the first fifteen months since the site became available to members in October 2004, it received ~1650 'hits'. During 2006 the site was revamped by the web-master and received 5400 hits, and roughly the same usage (400~500 a month) in 2007.

Group members visiting the site will find -

advertisement of programmes and registration forms for all forthcoming meetings, complete or tentative;

full original versions of published Reports of recent meetings;

pdf-files of speaker slides (with their permission);

an opportunity for Group member feedback on past meetings and to offer suggestions for new ones

annexes to the 38-year history of JPAG, plus a list of all Honorary Officers 1970~2008, and topics and speakers of all meetings from 1970 to date;

'hot' links to other relevant sites - such as RSC, RPSGB, BPC and Pharm.J.;

a list of current Officers & Committee members, with e-templates to contact the Hon. Secretary or the webmaster;

in November, invitation for Committee nominations and display of AGM agenda, minutes and reports.

Also currently under consideration are -

an 'Hon. Sec. column', including edited transactions of the Committee of Management;

an option for delegates to register on-line [although instituting a credit card facility would be required first]

Member-only access to full papers on past meetings.

9. Attendance

The period 1989-1994 was one of increasing cut-backs of industrial staff and restricted training budgets and JPAG looked to wider publicity to reverse a gradual halving of average attendance. This action included -

timing Group mailings to members to facilitate both early and later notices of each meeting,

organising more jointly sponsored meetings,

offering special 'bulk' concessions for groups of postgraduate students and

laying more emphasis on updating of analytical science as a contribution to 'continuing professional development' (see ¶ 10).

The pattern of attendance for the period 1982-2007, showed steady improvement to a peak in 1997 and then a steady decline since then. The 25-year mean attendance (including our BPC symposia) is 87 but the last two quinquennial averages are 71 and 67. Various factors have been implicated - a general contraction and amalgamation within the pharmaceutical industry (and academia too!), tighter training budgets with local emphasis on specialist training courses, and the growth of commercially organised conferences. There has still been the occasional very well attended meeting, e.g. 220 came to the symposium in May 2005 on the impact of the EU Clinical Trials Directive.

There were unusual difficulties throughout 2006 and 2007 during refurbishment of the RPS Hall. Attendance may have been affected by late advertising caused by the search for alternative premises for London-based symposia. Out of term-time the Group used two academic venues (King's College and the London School of Pharmacy) but for October and early December meetings a number of hotel venues were explored and one workshop-style event was held at Church House in Westminster. Happily, the new RPS Conference Suite is available from 2008, albeit at a significant economic charge and advance bookings may have to concede priority to unforeseen RPS major events.

10. Continuing Professional Development

All professional societies, and particularly those with responsibility for registration of the qualification of its members, have become increasingly conscious of the need to demonstrate commitment to continuing education, to improving personal performance and standards of practice, and to updating personal expertise in the exercise of their professional capacity. Several societies introduced a mechanism for formal measurement of continuing professional education (CPD). Thus, the RSC published proposals for chemistry graduates on its various indicative registers. The College of Pharmacy Practice [C.P.C.] instituted a formal scheme of "credits" for pharmacists attending appropriate post-graduate courses, seminars or symposia that meet the College's requirements. More recently, the RPS introduced formal CPD procedures for all pharmacists.

In Autumn 1994 JPAG was awarded accreditation from the C.P.C. for presenting suitable courses and for the next six years the Group advertised, in symposia programmes that met CPD criteria, that delegates were invited to request personalised certificates of attendance. In the first seven years of operation, 590 formal certificates attesting to 4 hours contact credit were requested, initially only by pharmacy graduates, but subsequently extended to analytical chemists undertaking continuing professional development. However, in 2002, the more rigorous (and very much more costly) longer term planning conditions required by the C.P.P. for pre-accreditation of symposia, prompted JPAG to withdraw from that formal scheme.

JPAG Committee sought the views of Group members through a mailed questionnaire. About half the respondents regularly availed of the opportunity to collect an attendance certificate, mostly to support professional (67%) or in-house (42%) schemes. Over half (54%) valued and "found helpful" the present format but only a sixth (17%) considered them "only useful if accorded prior [external] accreditation". It appeared that a consensus wanted to continue the provision of JPAG customised Certificates of symposia attendance but did not believe that renewal of C.P.P. accreditation on a single meeting basis was justified. Accordingly, JPAG certificates for subsequent symposia were modified to omit reference to the C.P.P. and the Group continued to issue customised formal attendance certificates for all those delegates who pre-requested them. Such requests continued to rise; during the three years 2002-2004 over half the total number of delegates registering for qualifying meetings. Accordingly, from 2006 it became Group practice to issue within their delegate pack a customised Certificate to all attending.

11. Administration

Until 1992 all financial and administrative functions for JPAG had been undertaken by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society; the audited cost of these activities was annually debited to a balance of funds kept in credit by annual subventions from the sponsoring bodies. Rule changes to allow the Group more direct participation in its financial and administrative operation were effected at the 1992 AGM and approved by the Councils of the respective sponsors. Gradual implementation during that year included reduction in secretarial demands on the RPS by making greater use of the Honorary Secretary and some capital investment made on behalf of the Group in office hardware. At the end of 1992, an acting Honorary Treasurer was appointed, bank accounts were opened, the RPS transferred the balance of the funds accumulated on behalf of operation of the Group, and subventions from the sponsoring bodies were henceforth paid direct to JPAG.

The concession of reduced attendance fees for bona fide student members of the parent societies was introduced in 1990 and this was extended to retired members of those bodies in 1991. From 1993, this reduction has also been available to unemployed members. Starting in December 1994, special bulk-fee arrangements were introduced for defined parties of graduate students from appropriate institutions. Operation as a financially discrete unit also removed the need to charge a VAT addition to Registration fees. The prospect of registering for Trust status (as is enjoyed by interest groups wholly responsible to the RSC) was investigated but a number of problems, including the joint status between two differently constructed parent societies, still have not been resolved. Although rising costs in 1994-95 prompted the decision to raise (from £50) the basic registration fee for most meetings to £60, improved attendances enabled this rate to be maintained throughout 1996-97 and for 1998 was briefly restored to £50; however, throughout this time the concessionary rate remained at £25. In common with other RSC subject groups, a surcharge - around 50% - has been made for meeting registration by non-members of the Group.

An unusually large surplus in 2005 contrasted with a moderate deficit (£6967) in 2006. Direct expenses for meetings were significantly higher in 2006, and slightly exceeded registration fees- which throughout 2002~2006 for one-day symposia were held at £95, with £135 for non-member delegates, while the concessionary fee remained unchanged at £25. Moreover, the 2006 deficit was enhanced by the much higher than usual indirect expenses: these included website upkeep and the new £2000 JPAG Award, as well a series of late RPSGB invoices from 2005. In 2007 these factors, together with rising costs, notably the expense of hotel venues whenever academic sites were unavailable during the period of refurbishment of the RPS Conference Suite, forced the first rise for five years - a new JPAG member rate of £105 and a non-member fee of £175.

12. Chairman's jewel

At alternate annual general meetings, at the end of their two-year tenure an outgoing chairman has the privilege of investing the successor with the JPAG 'badge of office'. This is a beautiful enamel and silver jewel, crafted by Fattorini of Birmingham, which commemorates the Group's eminence grise, the late Dr Donald Garratt OBE. As chairman of the original Science Committee seminars at Bloomsbury Square and a champion of analytical chemistry, he personally was deeply involved in the creation of the Group and in its subsequent early development. Although Dr Garratt was for many years the representative of the [then] Pharmaceutical Society on JPAG Committee of Management, he was too modest to allow himself to be elected to the Group chair. This elegant chairman's badge was commissioned and presented in 1990 by Dr Garratt's widow, Irene - herself a founder member of the Group and for six years its Honorary Secretary. In the past 38 years, JPAG had grown to be a successful embodiment of Dr Garratt's principles and it is proud to be accepted as a bridge between two senior professional bodies, thereby fostering the links between the allied disciplines of chemistry and pharmacy. A reproduction of this badge is used on current JPAG website, stationery, brochures and presentations.

Publication References

Pharm.J 28 June 1969, 202,739
Soc.Analyt.Chem., Dec.1972, 262-264
G F Phillips, Analyt. Proc.,1991, 28,420-422

Annexes that may be found on JPAG website www.jpag.org

For the thirty-five years 1970-2004, there is a chronological list with speakers for all 200 JPAG meetings, and a complete list of Officers and of sponsor society Representatives on the Committee of Management.

Annex I : List of Scientific Meetings during 1970-1999
Annex II: Details of Scientific Meetings held in 2000-2007
Annex IV: List of Honorary Officers, and Representatives of the Sponsoring Bodies, 1970-2005